Meet The Inspiring Indian Women Who led the Charge for Chandrayaan-2

Meet The Inspiring Indian Women Who led the Charge for Chandrayaan-2

Heartbreakingly close to success 500 metres or less to be precise Chandrayaan-2 united the entire country for a moment. Despite the lunar lander Vikram’s inability to complete the soft landing, the project will go down in history for more reasons than one. This mission was the first-ever Indian interplanetary project to be spearheaded by a woman, Muthayya Vanitha, who served as the project director. Meanwhile, Ritu Karidhal was appointed the mission director of Chandrayaan-2.

According to UIS (UNESCO Institute for Statistics) data, less than 30 per cent of the world’s researchers are women and though the number is increasing, the contribution of this mission towards encouraging and inspiring young women to literally reach for the stars and follow their dreams will be invaluable. Ahead, we meet the two women who have turned into space sensations overnight.

Women behind chandrayaan 2:

Muthayya Vanitha, project director for Chandrayaan-2

Born to a civil engineer and an electronics and communications engineer in Chennai, Muthayya Vanitha has worked at the India Space Research Organisation (ISRO) for 32 years now. Vanitha originally studied to be a design engineer, but her first job was at ISRO was that of the junior-most engineer. “I joined here as junior most engineer. So I worked in the lab, testing carts, making hardware, designing developing and then reached a managerial position,” she said in an NDTV interview. Later, she was appointed the project director of the telemetry and telecom divisions in the Digital Systems Group at ISRO Satellite Centre.

Before heading the historical mission, Vanitha has also worked as the deputy project director for TTC-baseband systems for Cartosat-1, Oceansat-2 and Megha-Tropiques satellites. However, when given the opportunity, she was reluctant to take up the role, revealed M Annadurai, former director, UR Rao Satellite Centre (URSC) in an interview with IANS. He further added, “I had to convince her and her husband. The task involved at least 18 hours of work daily and there was also the pressure of interacting with the top management on a daily basis as it was a prestigious mission.” She was also part of the team that worked on Mangalyaan, the successful mission to Mars in November 2013.

She was awarded the Best Woman Scientist Award of the Astronomical Society of India in 2006 for her work, and was also featured in the international scientific journal, Nature, in the list of scientists to watch out for in 2019.

Ritu Karidhal (Mission Director):

She is the mission director of Chandrayaan-2. Before this, she was also appointed as operations director of Mars Orbiter Mission. It was India’s first interplanetary mission.

Ritu Karidhal is fondly regarded as the "Rocket Woman" of India, as she was the deputy operations director for Mangalyaan in 2013-2014.

She's been there and done that, and now holds the mantle of Chandrayaan 2's mission director. She is working closely with Muthayya Vanitha throughout the Chandrayaan 2 mission, taking a prominent role once the spacecraft takes off from earth.It was her responsibility to design Chandrayaan 2's onward autonomy system -- which gives the spacecraft the ability to navigate its trajectory and respond to satellite with a relative degree of independence..

• Her job was to conceptualize and execute the craft's onward autonomy system, which operated the satellite’s functions independently in space and responded appropriately to malfunctions.
• Ritu Karidhal holds a master’s degree in the field of Aerospace Engineering from IISc.
• She has been working with ISRO since 1997. She has received ISRO Young Scientist Award from former president APJ Abdul Kalam in 2007.

Women Astronaut in Gaganyaan

ISRO is planning to send one woman astronaut, along with two others, to space under Gaganyaan Mission. VR Lalithambika, as head of the human space programme office, is helping in mission coordination and working with Human Space Flight Centre, the nodal centre for Gaganyaan mission led by its director S Unnikrishnan Nair.

Story behind Chandrayaan 2:

Key scientists and engineers involved in the development of Chandrayaan-2 include:

Ritu Karidhal – Mission Director

Muthayya Vanitha – Project Director

K. Kalpana – Associate Project Director

G. Narayanan – Associate Project Director

G. Nagesh – Project Director (former)

Chandrakanta Kumar – Deputy Project Director (Radio frequency systems)

Amitabh Singh – Deputy Project Director (Optical Payload Data Processing, SAC)

Vikram may have failed to land on the moon, but the sheer magnitude and daring of the Chandrayaan 2 project, which lost contact only 2.1 kilometres short of its target, is testament to the brilliance and determination of the 16,500 men and women behind India's most complex and ambitious space mission yet.

ISRO says that the Chandrayaan 2 mission was 90-95 percent successful

The primary mission of Chandrayaan-2 was to demonstrate the soft landing of the ‘Vikram’ lander on the South Pole of the Moon, operate the robotic rover Pragyan on the lunar surface, and get exciting images and data.

On September 7, during the last minutes of descent, the communication link snapped with Vikram when it was about 2.1 kms from the surface of the moon. After three days, the ISRO confirmed the sighting of Vikram through images beamed by the Orbiter.

ISRO Chief K Sivan said that the lander was in a tilted position and that it was not broken. Keeping alive hopes, he said that efforts are being made to restore link with the lander. The window of opportunity is said to be 14 days, which is one Lunar Day, and ends on September 21.

While it is a clear case of ‘so close, yet so far’ for the Indian space scientists, the ISRO claims that the mission was 90-95 percent successful, and this was also backed byMadhavan Nair, the former Chairman of the Indian space agency, who led Chandrayaan-1.

Now, let’s see the main components of the Chandrayaan-2 Mission. They are the Launch phase, the Orbiter phase and the Lander-Rover phase.

After initial hiccups with the launch, the ISRO achieved success when the GSLV MK-3 (Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle) propelled the payload into the destined orbit smoothly on July 22.

Next, it managed a series of neatly executed manoeuvres, all of which went smoothly, and the Orbiter reached the Moon’s orbit on August 20 as planned.

The third and crucial phase of the Soft Landing on the Moon turned into a hard landing.

Many achievements:

The space agency’s first moon mission, the Chandrayaan-1, was launched on October 22, 2008. The mission had two main components, the launch and the deployment of the Orbiter.

It used the PSLV (Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle) rocket, which had a record of successive launches.

Chandrayaan-1 functioned for 312 days, till August 2009. A major find of this mission was the discovery of traces of water molecules on the lunar surface.
In the decade leading up to the second moon mission, ISRO has seen many successes, like that of Mangalyan (Mars Orbiter Mission), the launch of a record of 103 satellites at one go using one PSLV launcher, the experimental reusable launch and other technological developments.

The big challenge was the GSLV, which had some mixed successes. The GSLV is crucial for India’s long-term engagement with outer space studies, and the launch of heavier satellites, for which the commercial market is huge.

Chandrayaan-2, is predominantly an ISRO venture. There is a presence of NASA in the mission, with the American space agency putting a Retroreflector, a laser-guided equipment which is part of the 14 payload experiments that the ISRO has contemplated.

Bouncing back

In this background, though the second shot at the Moon took a decade, the ISRO was well prepared.

Confidence was so high that for the launch on July 15, President Ramnath Kovind was invited. However, at the last hour of countdown, a glitch was observed and the mission was postponed. To ISRO’s credit, it showed boldness in postponing despite the President’s presence.

Moreover, it bounced back quickly to plug the leak issue and give a fresh date for July 22, exactly a week after.

The performance of the GSLV MK-3 was remarkable and it boosts India’s launch capabilities and interplanetary missions in future.

Given that the mission was highly complex and unique, with several key technologies involved and studying the entire Moon, the ISRO has done a commendable job in achieving success in two of the three phases, while almost succeeding in the final phase also.

Whether it is 95 per cent or two of the three phases of success, the organisation will surely go back to the drawing board and fix the issues. Its record, starting from the Satellite Launch Vehicle in 1979 to GSLV, has been commendable in bouncing back from failures by learning from them, and achieving mission success at highly competitive costs and improved performances.

Already, the Chandrayaan-2 Mission has achieved efficiencies in each phase, which has become beneficial by itself. The best example of this is the enhanced life of the Orbiter, which will last nearly 7 years, compared to the expected one year.

The ISRO’s next Chandrayaan Mission is at least five years away and it will be a joint venture with Japan says the Space Agency.

A truly global playground

The Indian mission to land on the South Pole has revived the interest in the Moon.

However, the capability to land on the Moon and send humans were demonstrated nearly 50 years ago. In the space race between the US and the erstwhile Soviet Union, the US stole a march with its Apollo 11 Mission, as part of which Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin landed on the Moon on July 20, 1969.

The NASA driven Apollo Project from 1961- 1972 also saw 5 missions after Apollo 11 and a total of dozen men walking on the Moon. There were several failures too starting with a fire mishap in Apollo 1.

The Russians also had comparatively successful Lunar expeditions starting with the first landing by the spacecraft Luna 2 in September 1959.

The Chinese broke new ground by descending on the far side of the Moon on January 3, 2019 with the Chang 4 Spacecraft.

Israel suffered a failure in April 2019, when the spacecraft Bereshaft crashlanded.

ISRO Chandrayaan-2

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Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit

Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit the first female president of the United Nations General Assembly

When India was struggling for its independence, there was a woman who contributed to the freedom struggle by becoming the first woman in pre-independent India to hold a cabinet position of local self-government and public health in the year 1937 to 1939.

Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit -an Indian politician, freedom fighter, and a diplomat was born on 18 August 1900, Prayagraj and is better known as Jawaharlal Nehru's younger sister.

Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit was born as Swarup Kumari Nehru on August 18, 1900, in Allahabad and later became one of the world’s leading women in the 20th century.

Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit was born in Allahabad in what was then the United Provinces later, Uttar Pradesh on August 18, 1900, and was given the name Swarup Kumari ("Beautiful Princess") Nehru. She was the eldest daughter of a distinguished Brahmin lawyer, Motilal Nehru, and eleven years younger than her brother, Jawaharlal. Accustomed to luxury and educated at home and in Switzerland, she was greatly influenced by Mohandas Ghandi and became identified with the struggle for independence. She was imprisoned by the British on three different occasions, in 1932-1933, 1940, and 1942-1943.

In May 1921 she married Ranjit Sitaram Pandit, a foreign-educated barrister from Kathiawar. At that time she changed her name to Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit. The Pandit's had three daughters, including the novelist Nayantara (Pandit) Sehgal. Her husband died on January 14, 1944.

In 1934 Pandit's long career in politics officially began with her election to the Allahabad Municipal Board. In 1936 she was elected to the Assembly of the United Provinces, and in 1937 became minister of local self-government and public health the first Indian woman ever to become a cabinet minister. Like all Congress party officeholders, she resigned in 1939 to protest against the British government's declaration that India was a participant in World War II. Along with other Congress leaders, she was imprisoned after the Congress' "Quit India" Resolution of August 1942.

In 1921, she was married to Ranjit Pandit (1893-1944), a successful barrister from Kudal, Maharashtra and classical scholar who translated Kalhana's epic history Rajatarangini into English from Sanskrit. He was arrested for his support of Indian independence and died in Lucknow prison in 1944, leaving behind his wife and their three daughters Chandralekha Mehta, Nayantara Sehgal and Rita Dar. She died in the year 1990.

Forced to reorient her life after her husband's death, Pandit traveled in the United States from late 1944 to early 1946, mainly on a lecture tour. Returning to India in January 1946, she resumed her portfolio as minister of local self-government and public health in the United Provinces. In the fall of 1946 she undertook her first official diplomatic mission as leader of the Indian delegation to the United Nations General Assembly. She also led India's delegations to the General Assembly in 1947, 1948, 1952, 1953, and 1963.

Pandit was elected to India's Constituent Assembly in 1946. Shortly after India's independence in 1947, she joined the foreign service and was appointed India's first ambassador to the Soviet Union. In early 1949 she became ambassador to the United States.

In November 1951 she returned to India to contest successfully for a seat in the Lok Sabha (India's parliament) in the first general elections. In September 1953 she was given the honor of being the first woman and the first Asian to be elected president of the U.N. General Assembly.

For nearly seven years, beginning in December 1954, Pandit served as Indian high commissioner (ambassador) to the United Kingdom, including a tense period in British-Indian relations at the time of the Suez and Hungarian crisis' in 1956. From March 1963 until August 1963 she served as governor of the state of Maharashtra.

Jawaharlal Nehru's death on May 27, 1964 came as a great shock to her. In November, she was elected to the Lok Sabha in a by-election in the Philpur constituency of Uttar Pradesh, which her brother had represented for 17 years. She was re-elected in the fourth general elections in 1967, but resigned the following year for "personal reasons."

Furious at Indira Ghandi's (whose maiden name was Nehru) state-of-emergency suspension of democratic processes from 1975 to 1977, she campaigned against her niece. Her efforts resulted in an electoral defeat for Ghandi.

Pandit had not been politically active for several years when she died in Dehru Dun, India on December 1, 1990. On the occasion of her death, President Ramaswami Venkataraman described Pandit as a "luminous strand in the tapestry of India's freedom struggle. Distinctive in her elegance, courage, and dedication, Mrs. Pandit was an asset to the national movement."

Her daughter Chandralekha was married to Ashok Mehta and has three children. Her second daughter Nayantara Sahgal, who later settled in her mother's house in Dehradun, is a well-known novelist. She was married to Gautam Sahgal and had a daughter, Gita Sahgal. Nayantara married E.N Mangat Rai after Gautam's death. Her third daughter was Rita who was married to Avatar Krishna Dhar and has two sons, including Gopaldhar. She worked in Redcross.

Gita Sahgal, the writer and journalist on issues of feminism, fundamentalism, and racism, director of prize-winning documentary films, and human rights activist, is her granddaughter.

Writings:
Pandit's own writings include So I Became a Minister (1939); Prison Days (1946); a touching essay, "The Family Bond, " in Rafiq Zakaria, ed., A Study of Nehru (1959); many interviews and articles, and innumerable published speeches. Her daughter, Nayantara (Pandit) Sahgal, presented revealing portraits in Prison and Chocolate Cake (1954) and From Fear Set Free (1963). There is no good biography of Pandit, but three books by professed admirers are interesting: Anne Guthrie Madame Ambassador: The Life of Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit (1962); Vera Brittain Envoy Extraordinary (1965); and Robert Hardy Andrews A Lamp for India: The Story of Madame Pandit (1967). She is often referred to in books on the Nehrus and in biographies of her brother, Jawaharlal Nehru.

Quick FACTS TO KNOW ABOUT VIJAYA LAKSHMI PANDIT:

• Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit was born as Swarup Kumari Nehru on August 18, 1900, in Allahabad and later became one of the world’s leading women in the 20th century.
• She was the daughter of Motilal Nehru and a younger sister of Jawaharlal Nehru. In 1921, after receiving a private education in India and abroad, she got married to Ranjit Sitaram Pandit and changed her name.
• She was arrested and imprisoned thrice by the British in the years 1932-1933, 1940, and 1942-1943 in connection with civil disobedience movements.
• In 1937, Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit was elected as a member of the Legislative Assembly of the United Provinces, however, she resigned from office in 1939 to protest against British in World War 2.
• Pandit was also the President of the All-India Women’s Conference between 1941 and 1943.
• In 1953, Pandit became the first woman to be elected president of the UN General Assembly and she headed the eighth session.
• She served as a governor of the state of Maharashtra from 1962 to 1964 after the death of her brother, Nehru. Then, she became a member of the Indian Lok Sabha from 1964 till 1968.
• In the late 1960s, though she left politics due to personal reasons, her commitment brought her back in 1970s by protesting against the Emergency rule (1975) imposed by Indira Gandhi -- who was her niece.
• She also served as India’s representative to the United Nations Human Rights Commission in 1978.
• Pandit's own writings include -- 'So I Became a Minister' (1939) and 'Prison Days' (1946).
• Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit died in Dehru Dun, India on December 1, 1990.

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Women and Political Power
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Anandibai Gopalrao Joshi the first Indian female physician

Anandibai Gopalrao Joshi the first Indian female physician

Anandibai Gopalrao Joshi became first indian female physician in the year 1887.she was also the first indian woman who was trained in western medicine and the first woman to travel to the united states of america.

Born in 1865 in an extremely orthodox Brahmin family in Maharashtra, a 9 year old girl got married to a widower who was almost thrice her age. Sounds like a normal “old Indian saga”? Not really! The girl later on became the first Indian woman to qualify as a doctor. Even though she died at a very young age of 21, she opened the gates for many young women in India who wanted to do much more than devoting their entire life to household chores. Yes, we are talking about Anandi Gopal Joshi, India’s first lady to qualify as a doctor from the USA in 1886.

Gopalrao Joshi, Anandi’s liberal husband is one such person who stood by his wife’s side and acted as her biggest inspiration and push. Gopalrao, a postal clerk, was determined to educate his wife when she expressed her wish to study medicine at the age of 14, after losing their first child just 10 days after delivery because of unavailability of proper medical resources.

At a time when women’s education wasn’t taken seriously, Gopalrao appeared as a great exception. He had married Anandi on the condition that he should be permitted to educate the girl and that she should be willing to read and write.

Gopalrao started teaching Anandi how to read and write Marathi, English and Sanskrit. He also transferred himself to Calcutta to avoid direct interference of Anandi’s parents in her education.

Gopalrao was an obsessed man. One day, when she was found helping her grandmother in the kitchen, Gopalrao flew into an uncontrollable rage and beat the young girl with a bamboo stick. The neighbourhood was agog: husbands beat wives for not cooking but whoever had heard of a wife being beaten for cooking when she should have been reading.
Anandi gradually turned into a well-read intellectual girl. All this change took place in the face of stiff opposition from her parents, frequent bickering in the family and the stubborn attitude of her husband.

In 1880, he sent a letter to a well-known American missionary, Royal Wilder, stating his wife’s keenness to study medicine in America and if he would be able to help them. Wilder agreed to help the couple on the condition that they convert to Christianity. This proposition was not accepted by the Joshis.

Anandi Gopal Joshi applied to the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania and was granted admission. She traveled to from Calcutta (present day Kolkata) to New York by ship. She began her medical training at the age of nineteen. While in America, her health, which was already not a hundred per cent from her days in India, further deteriorated due to the cold weather and unfamiliar diet. She even went on to suffer tuberculosis or TB. Despite all that, she stayed motivated to complete her MD in medicine. Her journey had been so inspiring that she got much publicity in the Indian press, and on her graduation, the then Queen of England, Empress of India, Queen Victoria sent her a congratulatory message. She had become the first woman of Indian origin to study and graduate with a degree in medicine in the United States. Anandi Gopal Joshi went on to inspire generations of women to pursue their higher education.

When she returned to India in 1886, she received a grand welcome, and was appointed as the physician-in-charge at the Albert Edward Hospital in the then princely state of Kolhapur (in present day Maharashtra).

On February 26, 1887, just over a month before her 22nd birthday, Anandi Gopal Joshi died of tuberculosis or TB. Her dream of opening her own medical college for women was left unfulfilled. Her death made headlines across India and the entire nation mourned her passing. As a mark of respect, her ashes were placed in a cemetery in Poughkeepsie in New York.

In her honour, the Institute for Research and Documentation in Social Sciences or IRDS, an NGO from Lucknow, still awards the 'Anandibai Joshi Award for Medicine' in honour of her early contributions to the cause of advancing medical science in India. Even the Government of Maharashtra established a fellowship in Anandi Gopal Joshi's name.

Wilder extended his help by writing about it in a local paper, and Theodocia Carpenter, a rich American from New Jersey, saw the articles, and offered to help Anandi as she was impressed by the earnestness and keenness of Anandi to study medicine.

In the meanwhile, Anandi’s health was constantly declining. She suffered from weakness, constant headaches, occasional fever, and, sometimes, breathlessness. Initially reluctant to go abroad due to her bad health, Anandi eventually agreed after much persuasion from her husband and started studying medicine in Women’s Medical College of Pennsylvania (now known as Drexel University College of Medicine) at the age of 19 and got her M.D. degree in 1886. On her graduation, Queen Victoria sent her a congratulatory message. She completed her thesis on obstetric practices among the ancient Hindus.

Anandi’s extract from her letter of application to WMCP says,

“[The] determination which has brought me to your country against the combined opposition of my friends and caste ought to go a long way towards helping me to carry out the purpose for which I came, i.e. is to render to my poor suffering country women the true medical aid they so sadly stand in need of and which they would rather die than accept at the hands of a male physician. The voice of humanity is with me and I must not fail. My soul is moved to help the many who cannot help themselves,” (Source)

Anandi was already ill with the first symptoms of the tuberculosis that would ultimately kill her. Her health worsened when she returned to India in 1886. She received a grand welcome and The princely state of Kolhapur appointed her as the physician-in-charge of the female ward of the local Albert Edward Hospital.

Anandi received a letter from Lokmanya Tilak, Editor “Kesari”, saying, inter alia,

“I know how in the face of all the difficulties you went to a foreign country and acquired knowledge with such diligence. You are one of the greatest women of our modern era. It came to my knowledge that you need money desperately. I am a newspaper editor. I do not have a large income. Even then I wish to give you one hundred rupees.”

Anandi died a few days after it. She passed away on 26th February 1887, a month before turning 22. Her ashes were sent to Mrs. Carpenter, her host in America who placed them in her family cemetery near New York.

Caroline Wells Healey Dall wrote Anandibai biography in 1888. Doordarshan aired a Hindi serial named “Anandi Gopal” based on Anandibai life. (Kamlakar Sarang directed the serial.) Shrikrishna Janardan Joshi wrote a fictionalized account of Anandabai ‘s life in his Marathi novel Anandi Gopal. (The novel has been translated in an abridged form in English by Asha Damle.) It has also been adapted into a play of the same name by Ram G. Joglekar.

Institute for Research and Documentation in Social Sciences (IRDS), a Non-governmental organization from Lucknow has been awarding the Anandibai Joshi award for Medicine in reverence to her early contributions to the cause of Medical sciences in India.

In a time when a women’s position was not even considered in the society and their education was unthinkable, Anandi took a bold step to fight and go against the flow to become a doctor. This was possible because of a big supporting hand from her husband Gopalrao who never let her quit and always inspired her to do more.

When some parts of India still deal with unsupportive husbands and a society that thinks a woman’s place is inside the house, the story of the couple is a fresh change. We don’t know if Gopalrao was too harsh on his wife and whether his obsession was justified. All we can say is his support for women’s education and their empowerment was remarkable for the time he lived in.

Though she could not convert her degree into a successful profession due to her untimely death, Anandibai surely left a mark on India’s heart and contributed to a much better, and bolder, India.

Here are five things you should know about the pioneering medic:

She was motivated to study medicine by her baby’s death:

Joshi was married at the age of just nine, as was common in 19th century India, to a man 20 years older than her.

She gave birth to their first child when she was 14, but her baby son died 10 days later due to a lack of medical care for women. This spurred Joshi to pursue an interest in medicine so she could “help the many who cannot help themselves”, as she later put it in her college application.

Her husband Gopalrao Joshi, a postal clerk, encouraged her ambition and helped to teach her to read and write.

She defied cultural expectations and ill health to qualify as a doctor:

While she was supported by her husband, Joshi’s ambitions were condemned by the orthodox Hindu community, who threatened her with excommunication.

Despite that, she travelled to New York in 1883, chaperoned by  two English acquaintances of a doctor friend. After arriving in America, she wrote to the Women’s Medical College of Pennsylvania to ask for a place on their medical programme, one of the first in the world that accepted women. In her application she admitted her credentials may fall below the college’s usual requirements but pleaded for them to make an exception “to render to my poor suffering country women the true medical aid they so sadly stand in need”.

She was awarded a place, and studied her two-year diploma alongside two of the first female medical students from Japan and Syria. Despite suffering ill health throughout her studies, she graduated on 11 March, 1885.

She was congratulated by Queen Victoria:

After Joshi was awarded her degree in medicine, the college’s dean wrote of her achievement to Queen Victoria, who was also Empress of India. Victoria reportedly wrote a congratulatory message in response. Joshi received a grand welcome upon her return to India, where the editor of the Kesari newspaper hailed her as ”one of the greatest women of our modern era”.

Her life was tragically cut short:

Returning to India in 1886, Joshi was appointed the physician in charge of the women’s ward at Albert Edward Hospital in Kolhapur. She dreamed of opening a medical college for women, but was an ambition she never got to realise. She died of tuberculosis on 26 February, 1887, before she had even begun practising medicine. She was just 21.

There is a crater in Venus named after her:

Joshi is one of a number of notable women who have lent their names to sizeable impact craters on Venus. The 34 km diameter crater “Joshee” lies at latitude 5.5° N and longitude 288.8° E. It was named in 1997 by the International Astronomical Union.

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A Farewell to Orkut from Google

 Today i received a mail Please bid a farewel to orkut as this showed us the social network first in india

A Farewell to Orkut

After ten years of sparking conversations and forging connections, we have decided it's time for us to start saying goodbye to Orkut. Over the past decade, YouTube, Blogger and Google+ have taken off, with communities springing up in every corner of the world. Because the growth of these communities has outpaced Orkut's growth, we've decided to focus our energy and resources on making these other social platforms as amazing as possible for everyone who uses them.
We will shut down Orkut on September 30, 2014. Until then, there will be no impact on you, so you may have time to manage the transition. You can export your profile data, community posts and photos using Google Takeout (available until September 2016). We are preserving an archive of all public communities, which will be available online starting September 30, 2014. If you don't want your posts or name to be included in the community archive, you can remove Orkut permanently from your Google account. Please visit our Help Center for any further details.
It's been a great 10 years, and we apologize to those of you still actively using the service. We hope you will find other online communities to spark more conversations and build even more connections for the next decade and beyond.

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Ness Wadia Preity Zinta's molestation complaint 10 key points mentioned in timesofindia.indiatimes.com

Ness Wadia Preity Zinta's molestation complaint  10 key points mentioned in timesofindia.indiatimes.com

Preity Zinta, who is also co-owner of Kings XI Punjab cricket team, has filed a police complaint against her former boyfriend Ness Wadia, alleging that he molested, abused and threatened her inside Wankhede stadium in south Mumbai.

Here are 9 key points about Preity Zinta's molestation complaint and her relationship with Ness Wadia:

1. In her complaint, Preity Zinta said that she was molested by Ness Wadia inside Wankhede stadium on May 30.

2. Preity was at Wankhede stadium when Wadia allegedly pulled her hand and abused her in front of many people. She also claimed that after their break-up, Wadia used to often harass her.

3. On May 30, an IPL match between Kings XI Punjab and Chennai Super Kings was played at the Wankhede stadium.

4. The FIR was registered against Wadia under IPC sections 354 (assault or criminal force to woman with intent to outrage her modesty), 504 (intentional insult with intent to provoke breach of the peace), 506 (punishment for criminal intimidation) and 509 (word, gesture or act intended to insult the modesty of a woman).

5. Zinta gave an application to the police on Thursday, which was converted into an FIR on Friday. Her full statements could not be recorded as she had to take a flight out of the city. "The actor claimed that she had to go out of the city and hence she could not approach the police earlier. As soon as she returned, she lodged a complaint," a police officer said.
6. Preity Zinta and Ness Wadia had broken their five-year long relationship sometime back.

7. Reacting to Preity's complaint, Ness Wadia said that he was "shocked" and "dismayed". "The allegations are totally false and baseless," Wadia told TOI. "It is disgusting that she would stoop to this level."

8. Preity Zinta was "upset as Wadia was seeing someone", sources told TOI. Sources close to Zinta and Wadia said he started seeing someone two months ago and they got close when the IPL was being played in the UAE.

9. "Zinta could not digest the fact that her former boyfriend, who is still her business partner, was involved in another relationship," said sources close to the Wadia camp.

10. Ness Wadia's mother had to undergo serious discomfort when attending a Kings XI Punjab match resulting in an argument between the two. Zinta has been trying to garner publicity out of whatever is left of her relationship with Wadia, sources said.
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Fathers Day SMS MESSAGES IN ENGLISH

Fathers Day SMS MESSAGES IN ENGLISH

F = Forever With His Family
A = Always There For You No Matter What
T = The Only One Who’s there
H = He is My Hero Till The End
E = Encouraging In Everything I DO
R = Really The Only One
No One Can Beat him He is the BEST Fathers Day SMS MESSAGES IN ENGLISH

No One Take Place Of your Father,
He Is only To protect you And Work For You In Day Night,
No One came better for you But Your Father.
Happy Father’s day.
Fathers Day SMS MESSAGES IN ENGLISH
‘A Father means so many things… A understanding heart, A source of strength and of support Right from the very start. A constant readiness to help In a kind and thoughtful way. With encouragement and forgiveness No matter what comes your way. A special generosity and always affection, too A Father means so many things when he’s a man like you…’
Fathers Day SMS MESSAGES IN ENGLISH

No one’s Father is so sweet. Your kind ways just can’t be beat. I Love you in a big way, Wish you a very Happy Father’s DayFathers Day SMS MESSAGES IN ENGLISH

Thank You Dad For being my pillar of strength and Fountain of wisdom Thank You for everything you are. Life is more beautiful when you are around. Fathers Day SMS MESSAGES IN ENGLISH

You are everything to me…..
Whom I can share my all secrets….
U r always there to help me……
May u live long.!!
Happy Father’s Day  
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Fathers Day Quotes wishes

Fathers Day Quotes wishes

A father is someone that holds your hand at the fair makes sure you do what your mother says holds back your hair when you are sick brushes that hair when it is tangled because mother is too busy lets you eat ice cream for breakfast but only when mother is away he walks you down the aisle and tells you everything’s gonna be ok

If the relationship of father to son could really be reduced to biology, the whole earth would blaze with the glory of fathers and sons. 
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Maddie Bradshaw M3 Girl Designs founder who is 13years age Converted into $1.6 million Brand a year

Maddie Bradshaw M3 Girl Designs founder who is 13years age Converted into $1.6 million Brand a year

Maddie Bradshaw is the President/founder of m3 girl designs, a jewelry company, with annual revenues of around $1.6 million, selling over 60,000 necklaces per month in over 6,000 U.S. retail outlets, including Amazon.com and Nordstrom.

Everything started when the young girl was 10 years-old and wanted to decorated her school locker, but couldn’t find anything interesting and original. When her uncle, who had an old Coke machine, gave her 50 bottle caps, she decided to decorate them herself and put magnets on them. The now 16-year-old recalls: “When my friends saw the caps, they wanted me to make some for them.”

M3 Girl Designs
Ages: 13
Location: Dallas, Texas
2008 Revenue: $1.6 million
2009 Projected Revenue: Undisclosed
Employees: 25
Year founded: 2006
Website: www.m3girldesigns.com
Facebook: www.facebook.com/pages/Snap-Caps-by-m3-girl-designs/91805695911
Twitter: www.twitter.com/m3girldesigns

Their enthusiasm determined Maddie to try something new: design necklaces with a metal pendant to attract the bottle cap, which she called Snap Caps. The Snap Caps aim to capture and celebrate every girl’s unique personality, with themes ranging from initials, music stars and fairy tales. Bradshaw took 50 of the necklaces to a local toy store. In less than two hours, they sold out. The young entrepreneur remembers: “At that point, I knew I was onto something. I think we were successful in the beginning because I was more focused on having fun and less worried about failing.” While she only spent $300 of her own money, matched by her mother, to buy supplies, the young girl already made her first million by age 13.

                                                              M3 Girl Designs

Maddie, alongside her younger sister, Margot, who is the company’s vice-president, creates the jewelry designs. She also attends all the company’s meetings and trade shows. The young entrepreneur has recently added a new line of necklaces, called Spark of Life, which targets an older group, teens. She revealed: ”The great thing about our company is that it’s growing with me.As my tastes change, so will the products.”

"A kid knows what a kid likes," says Bradshaw, who took her bottle cap idea, which she named Snap Caps, and pitched it to a local toy store, Learning Express, in 2007. Selling out of the 50 bottle caps Bradshaw and her mom took to the store  in under two hours Learning Express quickly asked the then-10-year-old if it could carry the Snap Caps in more of its stores throughout Texas.

Now, Bradshaw's designs can be found in hundreds of stores throughout the United States, Canada, and the Bahamas. Snap Caps can be worn on necklaces, in hairpins, or as bracelets. "All my designs are interchangeable," says Bradshaw, whose company now sells 50,000 necklaces and caps every month.

As the founder, president, and head designer of the Dallas-based company, Bradshaw is still a full-time student and plays lacrosse, tennis, and is a member of the swim team. Her 9-year-old sister Margot helps design and paint some of the bottle caps, and is most often the person Bradshaw turns to for advice.

"She always knows what the latest trends are, what my friends and hers are going to like," Bradshaw says. Margot also serves as the company's vice president, while mother Diane is CEO and the person who is responsible for all the financials. "Maddie definitely attends the business meetings, talks about the designs, and goes to trade shows," Diane Bradshaw says.

Maddie's accidental product has become something of a tween-selling powerhouse -- Snap Caps were featured at the Teen Choice Awards and now bring in $1.6 million in revenue. Throughout this summer, Bradshaw has worked with the company's 25 employees, designing more caps and expanding into hair ties and notebooks. "I'm glad I started this company as a kid," Bradshaw says. "I've learned how to market a business  and I think it's really fun."

Bradsaw has also published a book, called You Can Start a Business, Too, after receiving numerous emails from young girls who also wanted to start a business. At the same time, she is striving to create a scholarship to help aspiring young entrepreneurs, as she confessed: ”I love that I have an opportunity to reach out and help others.Not everybody has the money like I did to pay for start-up costs.”

Bradshaw’s initiative has attracted local and national media attention. The young entrepreneur appeared on ABC’s“The View” and the “Shark Tank,” while her work has been featured on the Teen Choice Awards. Regarding her appearance on “The View,” Bradshaw confessed: “I was so nervous about answering questions from Barbara Walters.” She added: “But with each new opportunity to talk about the company in front of people, I gained a bit more confidence and learned that I could do more than I thought I could do.”

While on “Shark Tank” in February 2012, Bradshaw asked the “Sharks,” five investors who listen to business pitches and offer financial and mentoring deals with entrepreneurs, to invest $300,000 in her company, while proposing a 15% stake in the company. M3 girl designs ended up offering 30% equity in the business for the $300k, but obtained considerable value for the additional 15%. Instead of one “Shark” offering to launch her company internationally and mentor her, three investors, Mark Cuban, Robert Herjevic and the QVC Queen Lori Greiner, together worth billions of dollars, accepted to invest in the young girl’s business.

While her own company continues to rise to unexpected heights, Maddie’s Bradshaw advises other young entrepreneurs to: “Follow your passion. If you come up with an idea and you love it, chances are other people will, too.”
This is a True Success Story that is sure to keep growing as the two girls continue to develop their Brand. This is also a very good lesson for all parents in how to encourage their kids that they can accomplish anything they want in life if they are willing to work hard (and smart) for it.
Maddie and Margot may be getting a lot of the attention, but without grounded parent's that were willing to help take a business idea into a multi-million dollar business in a few short years cannot be over looked.  
For Buy M3 Girl Designs click here
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Sumitra Mahajan Elected as Speaker of Lok Sabha

Sumitra Mahajan Elected as Speaker of Lok Sabha

The Lok Sabha elected Sumitra Mahajan, a veteran ally of Prime Minister Narendra Modi, as speaker on Friday, clearing a key hurdle before the government unveils its policy programme next week.

Mahajan, 71, an eight-term member of the house from Modi's Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP), was unanimously elected as speaker of the 545-member Lok Sabha, or House of the People.

Modi won the first outright parliamentary majority in 30 years in last month's election, creating expectations that the new legislature will do a better job after a previous term marked by legislative drift and chaotic debates.

N Chandrababu Naidu LIVE swearing in ceremony

Although the BJP and its allies in the National Democratic Alliance control a big majority, with a combined count of 336 seats, Modi will need to cobble together alliances to pass some measures through the Rajya Sabha.President Pranab Mukherjee is due to present the government's agenda next week, with parliament reconvening in July to consider Finance Minister Arun Jaitley's first budget.

Ms Mahajan is the first BJP leader to be elected the Speaker of the Lok Sabha.Congress leader in the Lok Sabha Mallikarjun Kharge and leaders of other parties too made short speeches congratulating the new Speaker.

Sumitra Mahajan, is the longest serving woman lawmaker in the Lok Sabha. She was elected last month for an eighth consecutive term from Indore in Madhya Pradesh, defeating her Congress rival by a huge margin of 4.66 lakh votes.

Mr Modi said while greeting the Speaker today, "In your name it is inherent you will have friendly and cordial relations with everyone," adding "it is good to walk on the path taken by Mahajans and we have a Mahajan sitting here." Sumitra means "a good friend".

Soon after election results were declared, senior BJP leader LK Advani had reportedly pitched for the Speaker's post. But it was clear soon enough that the party leadership favoured appointing Ms Mahajan.

Speaker of the Lok Sabha Role:

The Speaker of the Lok Sabha is the presiding officer of the Lok Sabha, the lower house of the Parliament of India. His/her role is similar to that of Speakers elsewhere in other countries that use the Westminster system of government.

The speaker is elected in the very first meeting of the Lok Sabha following general elections. Serving for a term of 5 years, he/she is chosen from amongst the members of the Lok Sabha, and is by convention a member of the ruling party or alliance.
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Working Wife Vs Non Working Wife Families

Working Wife Vs Non Working Wife Families

In the olden days, man used to be the sole Bread winner. In those days women were not allowed to work outside and she used to stay at home and manage the household chores and raise her children. Women have to work these days, to have extra income, and to have a better life. Let us compare the lives of working women and non working women, whom we will refer to as homemakers.

There are Advantages and Disadvantages for Working women and Non Working Women .Now women are becoming economically independent not only in the urban cities but in the rural areas also. The lives of working women is more hectic then a non working girl or homemaker.A working girl has to look after the family , household chores and manage her office work also. Whereas, a Non working girl or Homemaker has to manage the household duties and look after herself and her family. It becomes difficult to manage household duties for working women as they cannot devote much time to their families as compared to non working women or homemakers. The working women have less time to themselves, whereas non working women have the whole time to themselves. It is difficult to say which is better.

Men give more importance to working girls than non working girls. When the time comes for match making, the parents or the groom will prefer a working girl to a non working girl, but they want that the girl should be Gharelu or Homely or traditional and coming from a good family also and should look after the homefront also.Therefore life is tough for a working girl. Everything you cant get in life and you will have to adjust. It is nice when two earnings are coming into the family. Today women are more confident and they are walking in the step with men. They have equal rights to do so. Men think a working girl will be able to understand financial matters better and they can plan a better life together. This is a wrong attitude.

Non working girls or homemakers have their own identity. Even they can face the world and meet the challenges of life. Non working girls or homemakers can manage the household work better than non working girls,even if they have no holidays like sick leave, casual leave, or earned leave which a working girl enjoys .For her it’s a 24 hours duty, which is more tiring than working in the office. Working girls can take holidays in a year when required .

A housewife can cook a number of items for meals as compared to working women. After coming from the office it is difficult to cook, at times, after a long tiring day for a working lady. So, husbands have to also help at times .This is only fair to the working woman.. It is not a female duty only to bring up kids or to cook .It is a collective effort. Luckily,in India we can get help for cooking etc. but those staying Abroad have to earn and do their housework also. There the husband has to help his wife.

Many People who are at the age of marriage and they want to marry girls who are more traditional, caring type, who could handle not only their husbands but also the household chores. This is not hidden from any body that Boys want their girlfriend to be the prettiest one and on the other hand Girls too like their boyfriend to be the coolest guy. In reality, ladies prefer to marry a dependable man and men want to marry a woman who would take care of their husbands.

As of modern times,women too are having jobs and earning sometimes more than their husbands, but if we go asking husbands what they want from their wives, I am sure their answer would be a caring wife.

For any woman it is not possible to work all day long in the office and then come back to prepare meal wth a fresh mood. At that time, as a equal earned partner.

Most of Men want to have a housewife, someone to tend to the home and kids so that they don't grow up disconnected and resentful. If they have a working wife, we would be tired all the time, the kids would grow apart from them, the house would be a mess, and a maid isn't a great substitute to a mother. Next thing you know, the marriage fails and we achieved nothing,or all depends upon individual choice..!!

1) If you choose to work because you are competent enough, you should do..
2) If working of women at home is a necessity, she should do..
3) If working doesn't hamper's her managing home, she must do..
4) If both are working resulting in a unmanagerial home.. one should stop

Do Men Prefer Their Wives to Work or Stay Home with the Kids

According to a study conducted by the Pew Research Center ,A large percentage of dads want their wives to be stay-at-home-moms. Of the dads surveyed, 37% think moms should stay home, and 41% think that part-time work is a good compromise.

Granted, this was a study of about 2500 people, so say this is a significant number or holds any sort of validity, but really, are we that surprised? I mean how nice would it be to go to work and have someone at home love and care for your kids, as well as keep up with the house and all the associated duties?

It is a debatable question whether the life of a working woman is better than a non working woman or a homemaker. Working or not working is a personal choice and doesn't make one superior to the other. Friends do let me know what you think about this.

Gold Rate per gram Today in HYDERABAD Jun 7th 2014 Gold Rate Today in India Jun 7th 2014 Gold price today

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Biography Maya Angelou About Maya Angelou Who is Maya Angelou

Biography Maya Angelou

Maya Angelou born Marguerite Ann Johnson; April 4, 1928 – May 28, 2014) was an American author and poet. She published seven autobiographies, three books of essays, and several books of poetry, and is credited with a list of plays, movies, and television shows spanning more than 50 years. She received dozens of awards and over 30 honorary doctoral degrees. Angelou is best known for her series of seven autobiographies, which focus on her childhood and early adult experiences. The first, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings (1969), tells of her life up to the age of seventeen and brought her international recognition and acclaim.

She became a poet and writer after a series of occupations as a young adult, including fry cook, prostitute, nightclub dancer and performer, cast member of the opera Porgy and Bess, coordinator for the Southern Christian Leadership Conference, and journalist in Egypt and Ghana during the days of decolonization. She was an actor, writer, director, and producer of plays, movies, and public television programs. Since 1982, she taught at Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, where she held the first lifetime Reynolds Professorship of American Studies. She was active in the Civil Rights movement, and worked with Martin Luther King, Jr. and Malcolm X. Since the 1990s, she made around 80 appearances a year on the lecture circuit, something she continued into her eighties. In 1993, Angelou recited her poem "On the Pulse of Morning" (1993) at President Bill Clinton's inauguration, making her the first poet to make an inaugural recitation since Robert Frost at John F. Kennedy's inauguration in 1961.

With the publication of I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Angelou publicly discussed aspects of her personal life. She was respected as a spokesperson of black people and women,and her works have been considered a defense of black culture.Attempts have been made to ban her books from some US libraries,but her works are widely used in schools and universities worldwide.Angelou's major works have been labeled as autobiographical fiction, but many critics have characterized them as autobiographies.She made a deliberate attempt to challenge the common structure of the autobiography by critiquing, changing, and expanding the genre.Her books center on themes such as racism, identity, family, and travel.

Marguerite Johnson was born in St. Louis, Missouri, on April 4, 1928, the second child of Bailey Johnson, a doorman and a navy dietitian, and Vivian (Baxter) Johnson, a nurse and card dealer. Angelou's older brother, Bailey Jr., nicknamed Marguerite "Maya", derived from "My" or "Mya Sister". When Angelou was three and her brother four, their parents' "calamitous marriage" ended, and their father sent them to Stamps, Arkansas, alone by train, to live with their paternal grandmother, Annie Henderson. In "an astonishing exception" to the harsh economics of African-Americans of the time, Angelou's grandmother prospered financially during the Great Depression and World War II because the general store she owned sold needed basic commodities and because "she made wise and honest investments"

Four years later, the children's father "came to Stamps without warning" and returned them to their mother's care in St. Louis. At the age of eight, while living with her mother, Angelou was sexually abused and raped by her mother's boyfriend, a man named Freeman. She told her brother, who told the rest of their family. Freeman was found guilty but was jailed for only one day. Four days after his release, he was murdered (kicked to death), probably by Angelou's uncles. In response, Angelou became mute for almost five years, believing, as she stated, "I thought, my voice killed him; I killed that man, because I told his name. And then I thought I would never speak again, because my voice would kill anyone " According to Marcia Ann Gillespie and her colleagues, who wrote a biography about Angelou, it was during this period of silence when Angelou developed her extraordinary memory, her love for books and literature, and her ability to listen and observe the world around her.

Shortly after Freeman's murder, Angelou and her brother were sent back to their grandmother. Angelou credits a teacher and friend of her family, Mrs. Bertha Flowers, with helping her speak again. Flowers introduced her to authors such as Charles Dickens, William Shakespeare, Edgar Allan Poe, Douglas Johnson, and James Weldon Johnson, authors who would affect her life and career, as well as black female artists like Frances Harper, Anne Spencer, and Jessie Fauset. When Angelou was 14, she and her brother moved in with their mother once again, who had since moved to Oakland, California. During World War II, Angelou attended the California Labor School. Before graduating, she worked as the first black female streetcar conductor in San Francisco. Three weeks after completing school, at the age of 17, she gave birth to her son, Clyde (who later changed his name to Guy Johnson).

Angelou's second autobiography, Gather Together in My Name (1974), recounts her life from age 17 to 19 and "depicts a single mother's slide down the social ladder into poverty and crime." Angelou worked as "the front woman/business manager for prostitutes," restaurant cook, and prostitute. She moved through a series of relationships, occupations, and cities as she attempted to raise her son without job training or advanced education.

career
Angelou's Georgia, Georgia, produced by a Swedish film company and filmed in Sweden, the first screenplay written by a black woman, was released in 1972. She also wrote the film's soundtrack, despite having very little additional input in the filming of the movie.Angelou married Welsh carpenter and ex-husband of Germaine Greer, Paul du Feu, in San Francisco in 1973. In the next ten years, as Gillespie has stated, "She had accomplished more than many artists hope to achieve in a lifetime" She worked as a composer, writing for singer Roberta Flack and composing movie scores. She wrote articles, short stories, TV scripts and documentaries, autobiographies and poetry, produced plays, and was named visiting professors of several colleges and universities. She was "a reluctant actor", and was nominated for a Tony Award in 1973 for her role in Look Away. In 1977 Angelou appeared in a supporting role in the television mini-series Roots. She was given a multitude of awards during this period, including over thirty honorary degrees from colleges and universities from all over the world.

In the late 1970s, Angelou met Oprah Winfrey when Winfrey was a TV anchor in Baltimore, Maryland; Angelou would later become Winfrey's close friend and mentor. In 1981, Angelou and du Feu divorced. She returned to the southern United States in 1981, where she accepted the lifetime Reynolds Professorship of American Studies at Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. From that point on, she considered herself "a teacher who writes". Angelou taught a variety of subjects that reflected her interests, including philosophy, ethics, theology, science, theater, and writing.

In 1993, Angelou recited her poem "On the Pulse of Morning" at the inauguration of President Bill Clinton, becoming the first poet to make an inaugural recitation since Robert Frost at John F. Kennedy's inauguration in 1961. Her recitation resulted in more fame and recognition for her previous works, and broadened her appeal "across racial, economic, and educational boundaries". The recording of the poem was awarded a Grammy Award. In June 1995, she delivered what Richard Long called her "second 'public' poem", entitled "A Brave and Startling Truth", which commemorated the 50th anniversary of the United Nations. Angelou achieved her goal of directing a feature film in 1996, Down in the Delta, which featured actors such as Alfre Woodard and Wesley Snipes. Since the 1990s, Angelou actively participated in the lecture circuit in a customized tour bus, something she continued into her eighties. In 2000, she created a successful collection of products for Hallmark, including greeting cards and decorative household items. Over thirty years after Angelou began writing her life story, she completed her sixth autobiography A Song Flung Up to Heaven, in 2002. In 2013, at the age of 85, she published the seventh autobiography in her series, Mom & Me & Mom, which focused on her relationship with her mother. Angelou campaigned for Senator Hillary Clinton of the Democratic Party in the 2008 presidential primaries. When Clinton's campaign ended, Angelou put her support behind Senator Barack Obama, who went on to win the election and become the first African American president of the United States. She stated, "We are growing up beyond the idiocies of racism and sexism". In late 2010, Angelou donated her personal papers and career memorabilia to the Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture in Harlem. They consisted of over 340 boxes of documents that featured her handwritten notes on yellow legal pads for I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, a 1982 telegram from Coretta Scott King, fan mail, and personal and professional correspondence from colleagues such as her editor Robert Loomis.
Personal life

Evidence suggests that Angelou was partially descended from the Mende people of West Africa. A 2008 PBS documentary found that Angelou's maternal great-grandmother Mary Lee, who had been emancipated after the Civil War, became pregnant by her former white owner, John Savin. Savin forced Lee to sign a false statement accusing another man of being the father of her child. After indicting Savin for forcing Lee to commit perjury, and despite discovering that Savin was the father, a jury found him not guilty. Lee was sent to the Clinton County poorhouse in Missouri with her daughter, Marguerite Baxter, who became Angelou's grandmother. Angelou described Lee as "that poor little Black girl, physically and mentally bruised."

The details of Angelou's life described in her seven autobiographies and in numerous interviews, speeches, and articles tended to be inconsistent. Critic Mary Jane Lupton has explained that when Angelou spoke about her life, she did so eloquently but informally and "with no time chart in front of her". For example, she was married at least twice, but never clarified the number of times she has been married, "for fear of sounding frivolous" according to her autobiographies and to Gillespie, she married Tosh Angelos in 1951 and Paul du Feu in 1973, and began her relationship with Vusumzi Make in 1961, but never formally married him. Angelou had one son Guy, whose birth was described in her first autobiography, one grandson, and two great-grandchildren, and according to Gillespie, a large group of friends and extended family. Angelou's mother Vivian Baxter and brother Bailey Johnson, Jr., both of whom were important figures in her life and her books, have died; her mother in 1991 and her brother in 2000 after a series of strokes. In 1981, the mother of her son Guy's child disappeared with Angelou's grandson; it took eight years to find him. In 2009, the gossip website TMZ erroneously reported that Angelou had been hospitalized in Los Angeles when she was alive and well in St. Louis, which resulted in rumors of her death and according to Angelou, concern with her friends and family worldwide.

She did not earn a university degree, but according to Gillespie it was Angelou's preference that she be called "Dr. Angelou" by people outside of her family and close friends. As of 2008, she owned two homes in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, and a "lordly brownstone" in Harlem, full of her "growing library" of books she collected throughout her life, artwork collected over the span of many decades, and well-stocked kitchens. Younge has reported that in her Harlem home resides several African wall hangings and Angelou's collection of paintings, including ones of several jazz trumpeters, a watercolor of Rosa Parks, and a Faith Ringgold work entitled "Maya's Quilt Of Life". According to Gillespie, she hosted several celebrations per year at her main residence in Winston-Salem, including Thanksgiving; "her skill in the kitchen is the stuff of legend—from haute cuisine to down-home comfort food". She combined her cooking and writing skills in her 2004 book Hallelujah! The Welcome Table, which featured 73 recipes, many of which she learned from her grandmother and mother, accompanied by 28 vignettes. She followed up with her second cookbook, Great Food, All Day Long: Cook Splendidly, Eat Smart in 2010, which focused on weight loss and portion control.

Beginning with I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings, Angelou used the same "writing ritual" for many years. She would wake early in the morning and check into a hotel room, where the staff was instructed to remove any pictures from the walls. She would write on legal pads while lying on the bed, with only a bottle of sherry, a deck of cards to play solitaire, Roget's Thesaurus, and the Bible, and would leave by the early afternoon. She would average 10–12 pages of written material a day, which she edited down to three or four pages in the evening. Angelou went through this process to "enchant" herself, and as she said in a 1989 interview with the British Broadcasting Corporation, "relive the agony, the anguish, the Sturm und Drang." She placed herself back in the time she wrote about, even traumatic experiences like her rape in Caged Bird, in order to "tell the human truth" about her life. Angelou stated that she played cards in order to get to that place of enchantment and in order to access her memories more effectively. She stated, "It may take an hour to get into it, but once I'm in it ha! It's so delicious!" She did not find the process cathartic; rather, she found relief in "telling the truth".
Death
Angelou died on the morning of May 28, 2014, according to a family statement. She was found by her caregiver. She had reportedly been in poor health and had canceled recent scheduled appearances.

Tributes were paid by Barack Obama, and Bill Clinton. Harold Augenbraum, from the National Book Foundation, said that Angelou's "legacy is one that all writers and readers across the world can admire and aspire to."

Awards and honors

Angelou was honored by universities, literary organizations, government agencies, and special interest groups. Her honors included a Pulitzer Prize nomination for her book of poetry, Just Give Me a Cool Drink of Water 'fore I Diiie, a Tony Award nomination for her role in the 1973 play Look Away, and three Grammys for her spoken word albums. She served on two presidential committees,and was awarded the National Medal of Arts in 2000, the Lincoln Medal in 2008, and the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2011. Angelou was awarded over thirty honorary degrees.

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Malavath Purna 13 year old Purna becomes youngest girl to scale Everest who is Malavath Purna malavath purna biography

13-year-old Purna becomes youngest girl to scale Everest

Malavath Purna, a 13-year-old tribal student from Nizamabad district in Andhra Pradesh, created history on Sunday by becoming the youngest girl in the world to scale the Mount Everest.

She pitched the Indian flag at 6.00am and was closely followed by Sadanapalli Anand, a 17-year-old student from Khammam district.

This is the first time that two poor tribal students from remote areas of Andhra Pradesh braved one of the world's most unfriendly terrains. Anand and Purna are both students of Andhra Pradesh Social Welfare Residential Schools (APSWRS).

Celebrations erupted in Nizamabad and Khammam districts following their achievement.

Purna and Anand were handpicked for the expedition by APSWRS. The society took up the programme to encourage young tribal students from backward and inaccessible areas. Purna is a student of class IX in Thadwai APSWRS. Her parents are daily wage workers. Extremely good in studies and extracurricular activities, she grabbed the opportunity by undergoing a four-stage screening test.

Last year, APSWRS authorities picked up two students from each of 299 residential schools across the state and selected 108 talented students after a training course held in Bhongir of Nalgonda district. In the screening test only 20 students were shortlisted. They were trained at Darjeeling Himalayan Mountaineering Institute between October 26 and November 16.

During the training programme, Purna got 'A' grade by climbing Kanchenjunga and she was finally selected for the Everest. She along with Anand began the hike on April 4 from Kathmandu.

"We are happy that our girl has set the world record. We know she will go places. She is not only bright in academics, but also in adventure," Purna's parents told TOI. Her brother Naresh said he too would conquer the Everest one day.

Tribal residential schools society secretary RN Praveen Kumar said the students had proved that given the opportunity and training, students from poor and backward families too can excel in their lives.

Malavath Purna Biography

Name: Malavath Purna
Age: 13 years, 11 months and was born on 10th of June in 2000.
Mother: Mrs. Laxmi
Father: Mr. Devidas
Brother: Naresh
Birth Place, Village: Kaliveri village, Nizamabad district, Andhra Pradesh
Achievement: Youngest woman in the world to scale highest Everest peak on 25th of May 2014, Sunday at 6 am.
Education: Andhra Pradesh Social Welfare Residential School
Mountaineering Institute in Darjeeling
Malavath Purna (b.2000), on 25th May 2014 scaled the highest peak of Mount Everest and, aged 13, became the youngest woman to have reached Everest peak. She was born at Kaliveri village, Nizamabad district of Andhra Pradesh state of India on 10 June, 2000.

Purna is a student of class IX in Thadwai [Andra Pradesh Social Welfare Residential Schools]. Her parents are daily wageworkers. Extremely good in studies and extracurricular activities, she grabbed the opportunity by undergoing a four-stage screening test.

Last year, APSWRS authorities picked up two students from each of 299 residential schools across the state and selected 108 talented students after a training course held in Bhongir of Nalgonda district. In the screening test only 20 students were shortlisted. They were trained at Darjeeling Himalayan Mountaineering Institute between October 26 and November 16.

During the training programme, Purna got ‘A’ grade by climbing Kanchenjunga and she was finally selected for the Everest . She along with Anand began the hike on April 4 from Kathmandu.

Malavath Purna is a most courageous Indian girl living in the Kaliveri village and Nizamabad district of the Andhra Pradesh state of India. She was born on 10^th of June in the year 2000 at Kaliveri village, Nizamabad, Andhra Pradesh, India. Her mother name is Mrs. Laxmi and father name is Mr. Devidas. Her parents are agricultural labourer in the Kaliveri village of Nizamabad.

She is just a 13 years and 11 months old Indian woman who has made a highest record in the world in the field of mountaineering and become a proud girl for India. She is a very brave girl of high endurance from the Andhra Pradesh. She has become a mark of courage and an ideal girl for all the Indian women to go ahead and win in any field of interest.

Success has come on her way after her hard and courageous efforts and dedication to her interested profession. Her brother, Naresh, too has said that he would become a successful mountaineer a day and summit to the Everest peak.
Education
She got her earlier education and continuing her 9^th standard from one the school in Andhra Pradesh called “Andhra Pradesh Social Welfare Residential School” and got training as a best mountaineer from the “Mountaineering Institute in Darjeeling”. One of her colleague (Sadhanapalli Anand Kumar, 17 years old) from the Khammam district, Andhra Pradesh from the same school has also participated with her in the Everest climbing.
Achievement
Both of the students (Malavath Purna and Sadhanapalli Anand Kumar) were selected as a best student after the competition among approximately 150 students from field of adventure sports. From where, around 20 students got selected for the training at “prestigious mountaineering Institute in Darjeeling” however, only 9 students were sent to expedition for the “Indo-China border”. Finally, Malavath Purna and Sadhanapalli Anand Kumar got selected for the Everest mountaineering in the month April.
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